Based off the research of M. Seligman ([summary](https://positivepsychology.com/learned-optimism/)) In essence optimistic explanatory styles help with mental wellbeing and the hope to take action while pessimistic ones have an association with inaction and depression. For pleasure/benefits, optimistic explanatory styles focus on - Personal control - Long lasting results - Pervasive impact. For pain/costs events: * external * temporary * specific What I've found helpful is seeking an optimistically realistic answer to 3 questions. - The framing: embrace a desire for truth, for effective answers - when ambiguity exists assume benefits are more personal, larger scope, and longer lasting. Costs are less personal, smaller scope, and shorter lasting. The questions: 1. How much is in my circle of influence? 2. What is affected in proportion of my life as a whole? 3. How long lasting are the effects? Research - Effective at reducing PTSD symptoms [https://sci-hub.se/10.1037/a0035171](https://sci-hub.se/10.1037/a0035171) - Enhances mental toughness and sports performance [https://sci-hub.se/10.1123/tsp.25.3.269](https://sci-hub.se/10.1123/tsp.25.3.269) - Increased grades 6-12% and reduced course withdrawal, larger effects in the lower perceived control group of student athletes [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.06.008](https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.06.008) - Increased walking, attitude around aging, and wellbeing in seniors [https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01427.x](https://sci-hub.se/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01427.x)